Differences in the growth response of three bryophyte species to nitrogen

The effect of nitrogen on biomass production, shoot elongation and relative density of the mosses Pleurozium schreberi, Hylocomium splendens and Dicranum polysetum was studied in a chamber experiment. Monocultures were exposed to 10 N levels ranging from 0.02 to 7.35 g N m⁻² during a 90-day period. All the growth responses were unimodal, but the species showed differences in the shape parameters of the curves. Hylocomium and Pleurozium achieved optimum biomass production at a lower N level than Dicranum. Pleurozium had the highest biomass production per tissue N concentration. Tolerance to N was the widest in Dicranum, whereas Hylocomium had the narrowest tolerance. Dicranum retained N less efficiently from precipitation than the other two species, which explained its deviating response. All species translocated some N from parent to new shoots. The results emphasize that the individual responses of bryophytes to N should be known when species are used as bioindicators.     

浮桥河水库浮游植物的多样性及其演变

1997年4月至1998年1月对浮桥河水库浮游植物状况进行了调查,结果表明:该水库常见浮游植物约189种,隶属于8门92属,其中硅藻门25属64种,绿藻门39属79种,蓝藻门17属30种,甲藻门、隐藻门、裸藻门、黄藻门及金藻门种类较少。其个体密度年平均为44.9×104ind/L;生物量年平均为6.439mg/L,其中蓝藻占33.37%,硅藻和绿藻分别占20.68%和20.16%,甲藻占16.31%。浮游植物现存量的季节变化表现为从春季开始平稳上升,至秋季达到最大值。蓝藻、硅藻、绿藻等主要种类的季节变化按生物量大小依次为:秋季夏季春季冬季。浮游植物现存量的水平分布为上游最高,中游次之,下游最低,库汊低于中游而略高于下游。群落的相似性表现为上、中游相近,下游和库汊相近。群落的物种多样性根据计算Shannon-Weiner指数为上游最大,其次为中游,下游再次,库汊最低。与1980年的调查结果相比较,浮桥河水库浮游植物种类小型化明显,生物量增加2.5倍。     

Dynamics and Causation of Environmental Equity, Locally Unwanted Land Uses, and Neighborhood Changes

/ Why are some environmental risks distributed disproportionately in the neighborhoods of the minorities and the poor? A hypothesis was proposed in a recent study that market dynamics contributed to the current environmental inequity. That is, locally unwanted land uses (LULUs) make the host communities home to more poor people and people of color. This hypothesis was allegedly supported by a Houston case study, whereby its author analyzed the postsiting changes of the socioeconomic characteristics of the neighborhoods surrounding solid waste facilities. I argue that such an analysis of postsiting changes alone is insufficient to test the causation hypothesis. Instead, I propose a conceptual framework for analysis of environmental equity dynamics and causation. I suggest that the presiting neighborhood dynamics and the characteristics of control neighborhoods be analyzed as the first test for the causation hypothesis. Furthermore, I present theories of neighborhood change and then examine alternative hypotheses that these theories offer for explaining neighborhood changes and for the roles of LULUs in neighborhood changes. These alternative hypotheses should be examined when analyzing the relationship between LULUs and neighborhood changes in a metropolitan area. Using this framework of analysis, I revisited the Houston case. First, I found no evidence that provided support for the hypothesis that the presence of LULUs made the neighborhoods home to more blacks and poor people, contrary to the conclusion made by the previous study. Second, I examined alternative hypotheses for explaining neighborhood changes-invasion-succession, other push forces, and neighborhood life-cycle; the former two might offer better explanation.KEY WORDS: Environmental equity and justice; Locally unwanted lane uses; Siting; Market dynamics; Invasion-succession; Neighborhood changes     

蚯蚓对城镇污泥堆肥过程中微型动物群落演替的影响

采用实验对比和除趋势对应分析（DCA）等方法,以城镇污泥中的微型动物为对象,研究蚯蚓对堆肥过程微型动物群落演替的影响.结果表明,蚯蚓仅影响微型动物群落数量,对演替进程无明显影响.堆肥过程微型动物群落演替可分为3个阶段：第1阶段（0~10 d）,固着类纤毛虫为优势类群阶段,该阶段微型动物变化多受限于环境的改变,蚯蚓影响较小;第2阶段（10~30 d）,固着类纤毛虫和轮虫向肉足虫和线虫为优势类群的过渡阶段,该阶段蚯蚓对线虫数量有一定的限制;第3阶段（30 d后）,肉足虫和线虫为优势类群阶段,该阶段蚯蚓对有壳肉足虫的增长产生了明显的抑制作用.群落多样性指数结果显示,蚯蚓在第1和第2阶段作用不明显,在第3阶段增加了微型动物的多样性和均匀度,减小了优势物种的优势程度.对固着类纤毛虫的同化作用是蚯蚓稳定堆肥环境、促进有机质降解的重要因素.     

尕海湿地植被退化过程中有机碳及相关土壤酶活性变化特征

以青藏高原东缘尕海湿地不同植被退化程度样地为研究对象,采用定位研究与室内试验相结合的方法,研究植被退化过程对土壤有机碳和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明：植被退化显著影响土壤有机碳含量和土壤酶活性,降低了土壤有机碳的含量和酶促反应效率,且这种影响随土层深度变化有所不同。四种植被退化阶段有机碳含量和酶活性均值总体上（0~100 cm）表现为未退化>轻度退化>中度退化>重度退化。不同土层中,20~40 cm土层的有机碳含量中度退化>轻度退化;0~10 cm土层中淀粉酶和纤二糖酶中度退化阶段活性值较高;20~100 cm土层中蔗糖酶重度退化阶段活性值最高,纤二糖酶活性重度退化>中度退化。同一退化程度土壤有机碳含量、蔗糖酶和纤二糖酶活性随土层深度增加显著降低（P<0.05）;淀粉酶和纤维素酶活性在>40 cm土层中活性值有所上升,整体呈波动下降趋势。     

基于地形位置指数的赤水河流域植被时空变化研究

地形因子和植被覆盖是区域灾害评价的关键指标,也是山区型村镇建设生态安全评估的重要内容.为探析山区型村镇建设的生态约束条件,以赤水河流域为研究对象,基于1998—2018年SPOT_VGT NDVI数据,利用地形位置指数（Topographic Position Index,TPI）和坡度位置指数方法,研究了赤水河流域植被生长季NDVI时空变化及地形分异特征.结果表明:①赤水河流域内,1998—2018年植被生长季平均NDVI呈缓慢上升趋势,斜率为0.004 7;NDVI>0.60的集中连片区域主要分布在古蔺县北部、赤水市大部和习水县西北部,占赤水河流域总面积的8.42%;Sen's slope在0.009~0.015区间时,赤水河流域植被生长增强趋势最明显,主要集中分布在赤水河中上游、二道河以及下游的大同河干流地区.②TPI在-39.4~34.3区间的面积最多,为6 221.63 km2,占赤水河流域总面积的34.05%;将赤水河流域坡度类型划分为山脊、上坡、中坡、平坡、下坡、山谷6个坡度位置类型,其中,中坡面积（7 792.02 km2）最大,占流域总面积的42.64%,表明TPI数值较小且坡度大于5°的区域是赤水河流域地形主体.③赤水河流域植被在山脊的平均NDVI最高,为0.747,且山脊平均Sen's slope最高,为0.007 2;山谷平均NDVI最低,为0.709.研究显示,赤水河流域植被分布在118.5~486.9的TPI区间或分布在山脊处时整体生长较好,且生长增强趋势最明显.      

基于高分1号影像的森林植被信息提取

实时最新森林植被信息的提取是林业航空植保作业的必要前提。论文以安徽省蚌埠市为研究区域,探讨了基于高分1号卫星遥感数据在亚热带农林植被混合地区的森林植被信息提取。根据植被物候信息差异选择了提取森林植被信息的5个关键时期高分影像,采用分区决策树方法监测森林植被的空间分布和面积信息,并与未分区决策树法的提取结果进行比较。结果表明：采用分区决策树法和未分区决策树法对于大中尺度森林植被信息提取的总体精度均优于85%。但分区决策树森林植被提取总体精度达到90.72%,较未分区决策树法提高3.80%、4.65%,Kappa系数达到0.81,较未分区决策树法提高约0.07~0.10,结合植被物候信息的分区决策树森林植被提取法好于未分区决策树法,能够满足林业航空植保作业的精度需求。具有较高空间分辨率、宽覆盖、短重访周期的高分1号影像,对于大区域的林业航空植保当年最新森林植被信息的提取表现出较大的潜力。     

兰州市南山季节性土壤微生物特征及影响因素

为了探究不同季节和不同植被类型对土壤微生物分布的影响,以兰州市南山不同海拔的两种植被类型为研究对象,采用稀释涂布平板法测定了土壤微生物的季节动态变化特征.结果表明：研究区内细菌数量占微生物总数的96.22%~99.80%,远高于真菌和放线菌数量.土壤微生物类群随季节变化呈现明显差异,其总数整体表现为夏季最高,为89.22×10⁶cfu/g soil,分别是春、秋、冬季的12.02、3.28、2.74倍,其中夏季细菌数量最高,真菌与放线菌数量均在春季达到最大值.人工林样地土壤微生物数量略低于荒坡,环境因子中土壤含水量和有机碳含量高于荒坡.随着海拔的升高,pH值逐渐上升,土壤温度、有机碳与全氮含量逐渐下降,土壤微生物总数则呈现先减少后增加的趋势.相关分析表明,不同季节各微生物类群与环境因子的相关系数各有不同,春季放线菌与有机碳,秋季真菌与有机碳、全氮均呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）.冗余分析表明,环境因子中有机碳与第一物种轴的相关系数最高,为0.520,说明土壤有机碳含量是影响土壤微生物类群分布的主导因素.     

A Survey of Trace Metals in Vegetation, Soil and Lower Animal Along Some Selected Major Roads in Metropolitan City of Lagos

The concentration of trace metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in a total of 144 samples of grass, soil and lower animal (earthworm, Lybrodrilus violaceous) were collected and analysed for their metallic content. Levels of cadmium ranged from 0.01–0.07 g g^–1; 0.01–0.12 g g^–1 and from trace–0.05 g g^–1 dry weight for plant, soil and animal samples respectively. Mean concentration of copper ranged 0.10–1.48 g g^–1; 0.10–2.90 g g^–1 and 0.01–0.08 g g^–1 for samples in similar order as above. The levels of Pb varied from 0.01–0.14 g g^–1; 0.02–0.23 g g^–1 and from trace–0.07 g g^–1 while that of Zn ranged from 0.19–1.80 g g^–1; 0.51–3.35 g g^–1and 0.01–0.08 g g^–1 also in the same order of samples as mentioned above. Levels of metals in soil samples were higher than the background levels with the exception of Zn but lower than European Union (EU) limits. The results generally revealed the presence of metals in plant and animal samples and metal dynamics up the food chain is highly possible. Acceptable recoveries of the spiking experiment validate the experimental protocol.     

沙湾荒漠区生态环境的植物监测

利用植物生态学常规方法进行了荒漠植被种群生物量和数量特证调查,以植物为监测对象,并就群落地上部分生物量,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数,群落均匀度,生态优势度等指标探讨了在荒漠生态环境监测和评价中的具体应用。